Initial Core 2 study project

notes/OS-7-windows-networking.md

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+# OS-7: Windows Networking
+
+Status: not started
+
+Domain:
+- 1.0 Operating Systems
+
+Objective alignment:
+- 1.7 Windows networking
+- 1.5 Windows network command-line support
+
+## What You Need To Know
+
+Windows networking questions usually describe one of these tasks:
+- Join or compare a workgroup/domain.
+- Share a folder or printer.
+- Map a network drive.
+- Configure firewall exceptions.
+- Configure IP settings.
+- Choose public/private network profile.
+- Configure VPN, Wi-Fi, proxy, WWAN, or metered connection.
+
+## Memory Tricks
+
+Use **D-S-F-I-P**:
+
+- **D**omain/workgroup: who manages login?
+- **S**hares: folder/printer access.
+- **F**irewall: allow/block traffic.
+- **I**P settings: address, mask, gateway, DNS.
+- **P**rofile/proxy/VPN: how traffic is treated.
+
+Network profile:
+- **Private = trusted = sharing allowed.**
+- **Public = untrusted = sharing restricted.**
+
+IP troubleshooting:
+- **169.254 = APIPA = DHCP failed.**
+- **127.0.0.1 = loopback = local TCP/IP test.**
+
+## Workgroup vs Domain
+
+Workgroup:
+- Small peer-to-peer network.
+- Each PC manages its own local users and permissions.
+- No centralized authentication.
+
+Domain:
+- Business network with centralized authentication and management.
+- Usually uses Active Directory.
+- Supports Group Policy.
+- Requires Windows Pro or higher to join a domain.
+
+## Shared Resources
+
+Shared folder:
+- Makes a folder available over the network.
+- Uses a UNC path like `\\server\share`.
+
+Mapped drive:
+- Assigns a drive letter to a network share.
+- Example: map `H:` to `\\server\shared`.
+
+Hidden share:
+- Share name ends in `$`.
+- Example: `\\server\share$`.
+- It hides the share from browsing but is not real security.
+
+Shared printer:
+- Makes a printer available to other users.
+- Can be added from Settings, Control Panel, or a shared path.
+
+## Firewall Concepts
+
+Windows Defender Firewall should normally stay enabled.
+
+Firewall exception types:
+- Allow an app or feature.
+- Allow/block a port.
+- Use a predefined rule.
+- Create a custom rule.
+
+Network profiles:
+- Public profile: stricter, for public Wi-Fi.
+- Private profile: more trusted, allows more discovery/sharing.
+
+## IP Addressing
+
+DHCP:
+- Automatically assigns IP settings.
+- Default behavior on most clients.
+
+Static IP:
+- Manually configured IP address, subnet mask, gateway, and DNS.
+- Used when a device needs a fixed address.
+
+APIPA:
+- Automatic Private IP Addressing.
+- Address range starts with `169.254`.
+- Means the client did not get DHCP and usually has no internet access.
+
+Core fields:
+- IP address: device address.
+- Subnet mask: local network boundary.
+- Default gateway: route off the local network.
+- DNS server: converts names to IP addresses.
+
+## Connection Types
+
+Wired:
+- Ethernet cable.
+- Usually stable and fast.
+
+Wireless:
+- Wi-Fi using SSID, security type, encryption, and key.
+
+VPN:
+- Encrypted connection to a private network.
+- Often used for work access.
+- May use MFA such as smart card, authenticator app, or token.
+
+WWAN:
+- Cellular data connection.
+- May use built-in modem, USB modem, tethering, or hotspot.
+
+Proxy:
+- A go-between for web/internet traffic.
+- Configured in Settings > Network and Internet or Internet Options.
+
+Metered connection:
+- Tells Windows to reduce data use.
+- Useful for cellular/hotspot/limited data networks.
+
+## Commands To Enter
+
+Windows:
+
+```powershell
+ipconfig
+```
+
+What it does:
+- Shows IP address, subnet mask, and default gateway.
+
+```powershell
+ipconfig /all
+```
+
+What it does:
+- Shows detailed network configuration, including DNS, DHCP, and MAC address.
+
+```powershell
+ping 127.0.0.1
+```
+
+What it does:
+- Tests local TCP/IP stack.
+
+```powershell
+ping 8.8.8.8
+```
+
+What it does:
+- Tests external IP connectivity.
+
+```powershell
+nslookup example.com
+```
+
+What it does:
+- Tests DNS name resolution.
+
+```powershell
+net use
+```
+
+What it does:
+- Shows mapped network drives and network connections.
+
+```powershell
+net use H: \\server\share
+```
+
+What it does:
+- Maps drive `H:` to a network share.
+- Replace `\\server\share` with a real share in your environment.
+
+```powershell
+net use H: /delete
+```
+
+What it does:
+- Removes the mapped drive `H:`.
+
+```powershell
+ncpa.cpl
+```
+
+What it does:
+- Opens Network Connections.
+
+```powershell
+firewall.cpl
+```
+
+What it does:
+- Opens Windows Defender Firewall.
+
+Linux comparison:
+
+```bash
+ip addr
+```
+
+What it does:
+- Shows Linux network interfaces and IP addresses.
+
+```bash
+ip route
+```
+
+What it does:
+- Shows routing table, including default gateway.
+
+```bash
+cat /etc/resolv.conf
+```
+
+What it does:
+- Shows DNS resolver configuration on many Linux systems.
+
+```bash
+ping -c 4 127.0.0.1
+```
+
+What it does:
+- Tests local TCP/IP stack.
+
+## Mini Lab
+
+Goal:
+- Identify IP settings, network profile concepts, firewall location, and mapped-drive syntax.
+
+Windows:
+1. Run `ipconfig`.
+2. Run `ipconfig /all`.
+3. Run `ping 127.0.0.1`.
+4. Run `nslookup example.com`.
+5. Run `net use`.
+6. Run `ncpa.cpl`.
+7. Run `firewall.cpl`.
+
+Record:
+- IPv4 address:
+- Subnet mask:
+- Default gateway:
+- DNS server:
+- DHCP enabled:
+- Any mapped drives:
+- Current network adapter name:
+- Where firewall profile settings are located:
+
+Linux:
+1. Run `ip addr`.
+2. Run `ip route`.
+3. Run `cat /etc/resolv.conf`.
+4. Run `ping -c 4 127.0.0.1`.
+
+Record:
+- IP address:
+- Default gateway:
+- DNS server:
+- Loopback ping result:
+
+## Quick Check Before Quiz
+
+You are ready for the OS-7 quiz when you can answer these without looking:
+- What does a `169.254.x.x` address usually mean?
+- Which network profile is safest for public Wi-Fi?
+- What does `net use` do?
+- What settings are required for a static IP?
+- What does DNS do?
+