Initial Core 2 study project

notes/OS-8-macos-tools-features.md

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+# OS-8: macOS Tools and Features
+
+Status: not started
+
+Domain:
+- 1.0 Operating Systems
+
+Objective alignment:
+- 1.8 macOS tools and features
+
+## What You Need To Know
+
+You may not use macOS daily, but the exam expects you to recognize common macOS tools, file types, folders, and features.
+
+Focus on matching the macOS term to its job.
+
+## Memory Trick
+
+Use **F-D-T-K-S-I**:
+
+- **F**inder: files
+- **D**isk Utility: disks
+- **T**ime Machine: backups
+- **K**eychain: passwords/certificates
+- **S**potlight: search
+- **I**Cloud: sync
+
+Security shortcut:
+- **FileVault = full disk encryption**
+- **Privacy = app permissions**
+- **Rapid Security Response = urgent Apple security patches**
+
+## macOS File Types
+
+`.dmg`:
+- Apple disk image.
+- Mounts like a virtual drive.
+
+`.pkg`:
+- Installer package.
+- Runs an installation process.
+
+`.app`:
+- Application bundle.
+- Often removed by dragging to Trash, though some apps include uninstallers.
+
+## macOS Folders
+
+`/Applications`:
+- Installed apps.
+
+`/Users`:
+- User home folders.
+
+`/Library`:
+- System-wide support files.
+
+`~/Library`:
+- User-specific support files and preferences.
+- `~` means the current user's home folder.
+
+`/System`:
+- Core operating system files.
+
+## macOS Tools and Features
+
+System Settings:
+- macOS equivalent of the Windows Settings app/Control Panel.
+- Used for display, network, privacy, accessibility, updates, accounts, and more.
+
+Finder:
+- macOS file manager.
+- Similar idea to Windows File Explorer.
+
+Dock:
+- Quick app launcher and running-app indicator.
+
+Spotlight:
+- Search for apps, files, settings, and information.
+- Shortcut: `Command-Space`.
+
+Mission Control:
+- Shows open windows and desktops.
+
+Spaces:
+- Multiple virtual desktops.
+
+Keychain Access:
+- Stores passwords, certificates, keys, and secure notes.
+
+iCloud:
+- Apple cloud sync for files, photos, contacts, calendars, messages, device backup, and cross-device integration.
+
+Time Machine:
+- Built-in macOS backup tool.
+- Creates automatic backups and removes oldest backups when the backup disk fills.
+
+Disk Utility:
+- Manage disks, partitions, images, erasing, verifying, and repairing file systems.
+
+FileVault:
+- Full disk encryption for macOS.
+
+Terminal:
+- Command-line access to macOS.
+
+Force Quit:
+- Stops an unresponsive application.
+- Shortcut: `Command-Option-Escape`.
+
+Continuity:
+- Apple cross-device features such as AirDrop, iPhone camera use, message forwarding, and handoff-style workflows.
+
+Gestures:
+- Trackpad actions such as swiping, pinching, and multi-finger controls.
+
+Remote Disc:
+- Uses an optical drive from another computer.
+- Mostly a legacy feature, but still an exam term.
+
+## Commands To Enter On A Mac
+
+Run these in Terminal when you have access to your friend's Mac.
+
+```bash
+sw_vers
+```
+
+What it does:
+- Shows macOS product name, version, and build.
+
+```bash
+uname -a
+```
+
+What it does:
+- Shows kernel and architecture information.
+
+```bash
+whoami
+```
+
+What it does:
+- Shows the current user.
+
+```bash
+pwd
+```
+
+What it does:
+- Shows the current directory.
+
+```bash
+ls /Applications
+```
+
+What it does:
+- Lists installed applications in `/Applications`.
+
+```bash
+ls /Users
+```
+
+What it does:
+- Lists user home folders.
+
+```bash
+diskutil list
+```
+
+What it does:
+- Lists disks and partitions.
+
+```bash
+tmutil status
+```
+
+What it does:
+- Shows Time Machine backup status.
+
+```bash
+fdesetup status
+```
+
+What it does:
+- Shows whether FileVault is enabled.
+
+## Windows/Linux Comparisons
+
+Finder:
+- Windows comparison: File Explorer.
+- Linux comparison: Files/Nautilus, Dolphin, or another file manager.
+
+System Settings:
+- Windows comparison: Settings and Control Panel.
+- Linux comparison: GNOME Settings or KDE System Settings.
+
+Terminal:
+- Windows comparison: Command Prompt, PowerShell, Windows Terminal.
+- Linux comparison: Terminal.
+
+Disk Utility:
+- Windows comparison: Disk Management.
+- Linux comparison: `lsblk`, `fdisk`, GNOME Disks.
+
+Time Machine:
+- Windows comparison: File History, Backup and Restore, system image concepts.
+- Linux comparison: distribution-specific backup tools or `rsync`-based workflows.
+
+FileVault:
+- Windows comparison: BitLocker.
+- Linux comparison: LUKS/disk encryption.
+
+## Mini Lab
+
+Goal:
+- Recognize macOS tools by doing safe lookups and comparisons.
+
+On macOS:
+1. Open Finder and identify `/Applications` and `/Users`.
+2. Open System Settings.
+3. Search System Settings for `FileVault`.
+4. Search System Settings for `Time Machine`.
+5. Open Spotlight with `Command-Space` and search for `Disk Utility`.
+6. Open Terminal.
+7. Run `sw_vers`.
+8. Run `diskutil list`.
+9. Run `tmutil status`.
+10. Run `fdesetup status`.
+
+Record:
+- macOS version:
+- Current user:
+- FileVault status:
+- Time Machine status:
+- Main disk name:
+- Where app privacy permissions are configured:
+
+Without a Mac:
+1. Review the macOS term list.
+2. Match each macOS term to a Windows or Linux equivalent.
+3. Practice the OS-8 quiz.
+
+## Quick Check Before Quiz
+
+You are ready for the OS-8 quiz when you can answer these without looking:
+- What does Time Machine do?
+- What does FileVault do?
+- What does Keychain store?
+- What is Finder comparable to in Windows?
+- Which shortcut opens Force Quit?
+- Which command shows macOS version?
+