283 lines
5.5 KiB
Markdown
283 lines
5.5 KiB
Markdown
# OS-7: Windows Networking
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Status: not started
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Domain:
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- 1.0 Operating Systems
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Objective alignment:
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- 1.7 Windows networking
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- 1.5 Windows network command-line support
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## What You Need To Know
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Windows networking questions usually describe one of these tasks:
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- Join or compare a workgroup/domain.
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- Share a folder or printer.
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- Map a network drive.
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- Configure firewall exceptions.
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- Configure IP settings.
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- Choose public/private network profile.
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- Configure VPN, Wi-Fi, proxy, WWAN, or metered connection.
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## Memory Tricks
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Use **D-S-F-I-P**:
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- **D**omain/workgroup: who manages login?
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- **S**hares: folder/printer access.
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- **F**irewall: allow/block traffic.
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- **I**P settings: address, mask, gateway, DNS.
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- **P**rofile/proxy/VPN: how traffic is treated.
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Network profile:
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- **Private = trusted = sharing allowed.**
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- **Public = untrusted = sharing restricted.**
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IP troubleshooting:
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- **169.254 = APIPA = DHCP failed.**
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- **127.0.0.1 = loopback = local TCP/IP test.**
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## Workgroup vs Domain
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Workgroup:
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- Small peer-to-peer network.
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- Each PC manages its own local users and permissions.
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- No centralized authentication.
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Domain:
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- Business network with centralized authentication and management.
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- Usually uses Active Directory.
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- Supports Group Policy.
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- Requires Windows Pro or higher to join a domain.
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## Shared Resources
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Shared folder:
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- Makes a folder available over the network.
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- Uses a UNC path like `\\server\share`.
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Mapped drive:
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- Assigns a drive letter to a network share.
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- Example: map `H:` to `\\server\shared`.
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Hidden share:
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- Share name ends in `$`.
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- Example: `\\server\share$`.
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- It hides the share from browsing but is not real security.
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Shared printer:
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- Makes a printer available to other users.
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- Can be added from Settings, Control Panel, or a shared path.
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## Firewall Concepts
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Windows Defender Firewall should normally stay enabled.
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Firewall exception types:
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- Allow an app or feature.
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- Allow/block a port.
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- Use a predefined rule.
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- Create a custom rule.
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Network profiles:
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- Public profile: stricter, for public Wi-Fi.
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- Private profile: more trusted, allows more discovery/sharing.
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## IP Addressing
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DHCP:
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- Automatically assigns IP settings.
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- Default behavior on most clients.
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Static IP:
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- Manually configured IP address, subnet mask, gateway, and DNS.
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- Used when a device needs a fixed address.
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APIPA:
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- Automatic Private IP Addressing.
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- Address range starts with `169.254`.
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- Means the client did not get DHCP and usually has no internet access.
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Core fields:
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- IP address: device address.
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- Subnet mask: local network boundary.
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- Default gateway: route off the local network.
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- DNS server: converts names to IP addresses.
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## Connection Types
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Wired:
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- Ethernet cable.
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- Usually stable and fast.
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Wireless:
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- Wi-Fi using SSID, security type, encryption, and key.
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VPN:
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- Encrypted connection to a private network.
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- Often used for work access.
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- May use MFA such as smart card, authenticator app, or token.
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WWAN:
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- Cellular data connection.
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- May use built-in modem, USB modem, tethering, or hotspot.
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Proxy:
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- A go-between for web/internet traffic.
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- Configured in Settings > Network and Internet or Internet Options.
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Metered connection:
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- Tells Windows to reduce data use.
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- Useful for cellular/hotspot/limited data networks.
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## Commands To Enter
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Windows:
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```powershell
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ipconfig
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```
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What it does:
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- Shows IP address, subnet mask, and default gateway.
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```powershell
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ipconfig /all
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```
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What it does:
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- Shows detailed network configuration, including DNS, DHCP, and MAC address.
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```powershell
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ping 127.0.0.1
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```
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What it does:
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- Tests local TCP/IP stack.
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```powershell
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ping 8.8.8.8
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```
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What it does:
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- Tests external IP connectivity.
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```powershell
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nslookup example.com
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```
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What it does:
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- Tests DNS name resolution.
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```powershell
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net use
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```
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What it does:
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- Shows mapped network drives and network connections.
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```powershell
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net use H: \\server\share
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```
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What it does:
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- Maps drive `H:` to a network share.
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- Replace `\\server\share` with a real share in your environment.
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```powershell
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net use H: /delete
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```
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What it does:
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- Removes the mapped drive `H:`.
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```powershell
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ncpa.cpl
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```
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What it does:
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- Opens Network Connections.
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```powershell
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firewall.cpl
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```
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What it does:
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- Opens Windows Defender Firewall.
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Linux comparison:
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```bash
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ip addr
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```
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What it does:
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- Shows Linux network interfaces and IP addresses.
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```bash
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ip route
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```
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What it does:
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- Shows routing table, including default gateway.
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```bash
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cat /etc/resolv.conf
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```
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What it does:
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- Shows DNS resolver configuration on many Linux systems.
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```bash
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ping -c 4 127.0.0.1
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```
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What it does:
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- Tests local TCP/IP stack.
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## Mini Lab
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Goal:
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- Identify IP settings, network profile concepts, firewall location, and mapped-drive syntax.
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Windows:
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1. Run `ipconfig`.
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2. Run `ipconfig /all`.
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3. Run `ping 127.0.0.1`.
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4. Run `nslookup example.com`.
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5. Run `net use`.
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6. Run `ncpa.cpl`.
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7. Run `firewall.cpl`.
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Record:
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- IPv4 address:
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- Subnet mask:
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- Default gateway:
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- DNS server:
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- DHCP enabled:
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- Any mapped drives:
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- Current network adapter name:
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- Where firewall profile settings are located:
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Linux:
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1. Run `ip addr`.
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2. Run `ip route`.
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3. Run `cat /etc/resolv.conf`.
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4. Run `ping -c 4 127.0.0.1`.
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Record:
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- IP address:
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- Default gateway:
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- DNS server:
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- Loopback ping result:
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## Quick Check Before Quiz
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You are ready for the OS-7 quiz when you can answer these without looking:
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- What does a `169.254.x.x` address usually mean?
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- Which network profile is safest for public Wi-Fi?
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- What does `net use` do?
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- What settings are required for a static IP?
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- What does DNS do?
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